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دليل ترحيل AssemblyScript

Up until now, Subgraphs have been using one of the first versions of AssemblyScript⁠ (v0.6). Finally we’ve added support for the newest one available⁠ (v0.19.10)! 🎉

That will enable Subgraph developers to use newer features of the AS language and standard library.

This guide is applicable for anyone using graph-cli/graph-ts below version 0.22.0. If you’re already at a higher than (or equal) version to that, you’ve already been using version 0.19.10 of AssemblyScript 🙂

Note: As of 0.24.0, graph-node can support both versions, depending on the apiVersion specified in the Subgraph manifest.

مميزات

وظائف جديدة

  • TypedArrays can now be built from ArrayBuffers by using the new wrap static method⁠ (v0.8.1⁠)
  • New standard library functions: String#toUpperCase, String#toLowerCase, String#localeCompareand TypedArray#set (v0.9.0⁠)
  • Added support for x instanceof GenericClass (v0.9.2⁠)
  • Added StaticArray<T>, a more efficient array variant (v0.9.3⁠)
  • Added Array<T>#flat (v0.10.0⁠)
  • Implemented radix argument on Number#toString (v0.10.1⁠)
  • Added support for separators in floating point literals (v0.13.7⁠)
  • Added support for first class functions (v0.14.0⁠)
  • Add builtins: i32/i64/f32/f64.add/sub/mul (v0.14.13⁠)
  • Implement Array/TypedArray/String#at (v0.18.2⁠)
  • Added support for template literal strings (v0.18.17⁠)
  • Add encodeURI(Component) and decodeURI(Component) (v0.18.27⁠)
  • Add toString, toDateString and toTimeString to Date (v0.18.29⁠)
  • Add toUTCString for Date (v0.18.30⁠)
  • Add nonnull/NonNullable builtin type (v0.19.2⁠)

التحسينات

  • Math functions such as exp, exp2, log, log2 and pow have been replaced by faster variants (v0.9.0⁠)
  • Slightly optimize Math.mod (v0.17.1⁠)
  • Cache more field accesses in std Map and Set (v0.17.8⁠)
  • Optimize for powers of two in ipow32/64 (v0.18.2⁠)

آخر

  • The type of an array literal can now be inferred from its contents (v0.9.0⁠)
  • Updated stdlib to Unicode 13.0.0 (v0.10.0⁠)

كيف تقوم بالترقية؟

  1. Change your mappings apiVersion in subgraph.yaml to 0.0.9:
...dataSources:  ...    mapping:      ...      apiVersion: 0.0.9      ...
  1. Update the graph-cli you’re using to the latest version by running:
# if you have it globally installednpm install --global @graphprotocol/graph-cli@latest# or in your subgraph if you have it as a dev dependencynpm install --save-dev @graphprotocol/graph-cli@latest
  1. Do the same for graph-ts, but instead of installing globally, save it in your main dependencies:
npm install --save @graphprotocol/graph-ts@latest
  1. اتبع بقية الدليل لاصلاح التغييرات الهامة في اللغة.
  2. Run codegen and deploy again.

تغييرات هامة

Nullability

في الإصدار الأقدم من AssemblyScript ، يمكنك إنشاء كود مثل هذا:

function load(): Value | null { ... }let maybeValue = load();maybeValue.aMethod();

ولكن في الإصدار الأحدث ، نظرًا لأن القيمة nullable ، فإنها تتطلب منك التحقق ، مثل هذا:

let maybeValue = load()if (maybeValue) {  maybeValue.aMethod() // `maybeValue` is not null anymore}

أو إجباره على هذا النحو:

let maybeValue = load()! // breaks in runtime if value is nullmaybeValue.aMethod()

If you are unsure which to choose, we recommend always using the safe version. If the value doesn’t exist you might want to just do an early if statement with a return in you Subgraph handler.

Variable Shadowing

Before you could do variable shadowing⁠ and code like this would work:

let a = 10let b = 20let a = a + b

لكن هذا لم يعد ممكنًا الآن ، ويرجع المترجم بهذا الخطأ:

'ERROR TS2451: Cannot redeclare block-scoped variable 'a; let a = a + b ~~~~~~~~~~~~~in assembly/index.ts(4,3)

ستحتاج إلى إعادة تسمية المتغيرات المكررة إذا كان لديك variable shadowing.

مقارانات Null

By doing the upgrade on your Subgraph, sometimes you might get errors like these:

ERROR TS2322: Type '~lib/@graphprotocol/graph-ts/common/numbers/BigInt | null' is not assignable to type '~lib/@graphprotocol/graph-ts/common/numbers/BigInt'.     if (decimals == null) {                     ~~~~ in src/mappings/file.ts(41,21)

To solve you can simply change the if statement to something like this:

if (!decimals) {  // or  if (decimals === null) {

الأمر نفسه ينطبق إذا كنت تفعل =! بدلاً من ==.

Casting

The common way to do casting before was to just use the as keyword, like this:

let byteArray = new ByteArray(10)let uint8Array = byteArray as Uint8Array // equivalent to: <Uint8Array>byteArray

لكن هذا لا يعمل إلا في سيناريوهين:

  • Primitive casting (between types such as u8, i32, bool; eg: let b: isize = 10; b as usize);
  • Upcasting على وراثة الفئة (subclass → superclass)

أمثلة:

// primitive castinglet a: usize = 10let b: isize = 5let c: usize = a + (b as usize)
// upcasting on class inheritanceclass Bytes extends Uint8Array {}let bytes = new Bytes(2)// <Uint8Array>bytes // same as: bytes as Uint8Array

There are two scenarios where you may want to cast, but using as/<T>var isn’t safe:

  • Downcasting وراثة الفئة (superclass → subclass)
  • بين نوعين يشتركان في فئة superclass
// downcasting on class inheritanceclass Bytes extends Uint8Array {}let uint8Array = new Uint8Array(2)// <Bytes>uint8Array // breaks in runtime :(
// between two types that share a superclassclass Bytes extends Uint8Array {}class ByteArray extends Uint8Array {}let bytes = new Bytes(2)// <ByteArray>bytes // breaks in runtime :(

For those cases, you can use the changetype<T> function:

// downcasting on class inheritanceclass Bytes extends Uint8Array {}let uint8Array = new Uint8Array(2)changetype<Bytes>(uint8Array) // works :)
// between two types that share a superclassclass Bytes extends Uint8Array {}class ByteArray extends Uint8Array {}let bytes = new Bytes(2)changetype<ByteArray>(bytes) // works :)

If you just want to remove nullability, you can keep using the as operator (or <T>variable), but make sure you know that value can’t be null, otherwise it will break.

// remove nullabilitylet previousBalance = AccountBalance.load(balanceId) // AccountBalance | nullif (previousBalance != null) {  return previousBalance as AccountBalance // safe remove null}let newBalance = new AccountBalance(balanceId)

For the nullability case we recommend taking a look at the nullability check feature⁠, it will make your code cleaner 🙂

Also we’ve added a few more static methods in some types to ease casting, they are:

  • Bytes.fromByteArray
  • Bytes.fromUint8Array
  • BigInt.fromByteArray
  • ByteArray.fromBigInt

التحقق من Nullability مع الوصول الى الخاصية

To use the nullability check feature⁠ you can use either if statements or the ternary operator (? and :) like this:

let something: string | null = 'data'let somethingOrElse = something ? something : 'else'// orlet somethingOrElseif (something) {  somethingOrElse = something} else {  somethingOrElse = 'else'}

However that only works when you’re doing the if / ternary on a variable, not on a property access, like this:

class Container {  data: string | null}let container = new Container()container.data = 'data'let somethingOrElse: string = container.data ? container.data : 'else' // doesn't compile

الذي يخرج هذا الخطأ:

ERROR TS2322: Type '~lib/string/String | null' is not assignable to type '~lib/string/String'.   let somethingOrElse: string = container.data ? container.data : "else";                                 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

لإصلاح هذه المشكلة ، يمكنك إنشاء متغير للوصول إلى الخاصية حتى يتمكن المترجم من القيام بعملية التحقق من الـ nullability:

class Container {  data: string | null}let container = new Container()container.data = 'data'let data = container.datalet somethingOrElse: string = data ? data : 'else' // compiles just fine :)

التحميل الزائد للمشغل مع الوصول للخاصية

(على سبيل المثال) إذا حاولت جمع نوع nullable (من وصول خاصية) مع نوع nullable ، فإن مترجم AssemblyScript بدلاً من إعطاء خطأ في وقت التحويل يحذر من أن إحدى القيم nullable، وبما أنه يقوم فقط بالترجمة بصمت ، فإنه يتيح الفرصة للكود للتوقف في وقت التشغيل.

class BigInt extends Uint8Array {  @operator('+')  plus(other: BigInt): BigInt {    // ...  }}class Wrapper {  public constructor(public n: BigInt | null) {}}let x = BigInt.fromI32(2)let y: BigInt | null = nullx + y // give compile time error about nullabilitylet wrapper = new Wrapper(y)wrapper.n = wrapper.n + x // doesn't give compile time errors as it should

We’ve opened a issue on the AssemblyScript compiler for this, but for now if you do these kind of operations in your Subgraph mappings, you should change them to do a null check before it.

let wrapper = new Wrapper(y)if (!wrapper.n) {  wrapper.n = BigInt.fromI32(0)}wrapper.n = wrapper.n + x // now `n` is guaranteed to be a BigInt

تهيئة القيمة

إذا كان لديك أي كود مثل هذا:

var value: Type // nullvalue.x = 10value.y = 'content'

It will compile but break at runtime, that happens because the value hasn’t been initialized, so make sure your Subgraph has initialized their values, like this:

var value = new Type() // initializedvalue.x = 10value.y = 'content'

وأيضًا إذا كانت لديك خصائص ل nullable في كيان GraphQL ، مثل هذا:

type Total @entity {  id: Bytes!  amount: BigInt}

ولديك كود مشابه لهذا:

let total = Total.load('latest')if (total === null) {  total = new Total('latest')}total.amount = total.amount + BigInt.fromI32(1)

You’ll need to make sure to initialize the total.amount value, because if you try to access like in the last line for the sum, it will crash. So you either initialize it first:

let total = Total.load('latest')if (total === null) {  total = new Total('latest')  total.amount = BigInt.fromI32(0)}total.tokens = total.tokens + BigInt.fromI32(1)

Or you can just change your GraphQL schema to not use a nullable type for this property, then we’ll initialize it as zero on the codegen step 😉

type Total @entity {  id: Bytes!  amount: BigInt!}
let total = Total.load('latest')if (total === null) {  total = new Total('latest') // already initializes non-nullable properties}total.amount = total.amount + BigInt.fromI32(1)

تهيئة خاصية الفئة

إذا قمت بتصدير (export) أي فئات ذات خصائص فئات أخرى (تم تعريفها بواسطتك أو بواسطة المكتبة القياسية) مثل هذا:

class Thing {}export class Something {  value: Thing}

The compiler will error because you either need to add an initializer for the properties that are classes, or add the ! operator:

export class Something {  constructor(public value: Thing) {}}// orexport class Something {  value: Thing  constructor(value: Thing) {    this.value = value  }}// orexport class Something {  value!: Thing}

Array initialization

The Array class still accepts a number to initialize the length of the list, however you should take care because operations like .push will actually increase the size instead of adding to the beginning, for example:

let arr = new Array<string>(5) // ["", "", "", "", ""]arr.push('something') // ["", "", "", "", "", "something"] // size 6 :(

Depending on the types you’re using, eg nullable ones, and how you’re accessing them, you might encounter a runtime error like this one:

ERRO Handler skipped due to execution failure, error: Mapping aborted at ~lib/array.ts, line 110, column 40, with message: Element type must be nullable if array is holey  wasm backtrace:     0: 0x19c4 - <unknown>!~lib/@graphprotocol/graph-ts/index/format         1: 0x1e75 - <unknown>!~lib/@graphprotocol/graph-ts/common/collections/Entity#constructor        2: 0x30b9 - <unknown>!node_modules/@graphprotocol/graph-ts/global/global/id_of_type

To actually push at the beginning you should either, initialize the Array with size zero, like this:

let arr = new Array<string>(0) // []arr.push('something') // ["something"]

Or you should mutate it via index:

let arr = new Array<string>(5) // ["", "", "", "", ""]arr[0] = 'something' // ["something", "", "", "", ""]

GraphQL schema

This is not a direct AssemblyScript change, but you may have to update your schema.graphql file.

Now you no longer can define fields in your types that are Non-Nullable Lists. If you have a schema like this:

type Something @entity {  id: Bytes!}type MyEntity @entity {  id: Bytes!  invalidField: [Something]! # no longer valid}

You’ll have to add an ! to the member of the List type, like this:

type Something @entity {  id: Bytes!}type MyEntity @entity {  id: Bytes!  invalidField: [Something!]! # valid}

This changed because of nullability differences between AssemblyScript versions, and it’s related to the src/generated/schema.ts file (default path, you might have changed this).

آخر

  • Aligned Map#set and Set#add with the spec, returning this (v0.9.2⁠)
  • Arrays no longer inherit from ArrayBufferView, but are now distinct (v0.10.0⁠)
  • Classes initialized from object literals can no longer define a constructor (v0.10.0⁠)
  • The result of a ** binary operation is now the common denominator integer if both operands are integers. Previously, the result was a float as if calling Math/f.pow (v0.11.0⁠)
  • Coerce NaN to false when casting to bool (v0.14.9⁠)
  • When shifting a small integer value of type i8/u8 or i16/u16, only the 3 respectively 4 least significant bits of the RHS value affect the result, analogous to the result of an i32.shl only being affected by the 5 least significant bits of the RHS value. Example: someI8 << 8 previously produced the value 0, but now produces someI8 due to masking the RHS as 8 & 7 = 0 (3 bits) (v0.17.0⁠)
  • Bug fix of relational string comparisons when sizes differ (v0.17.8⁠)