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API GraphQL

Learn about the GraphQL Query API used in The Graph.

What is GraphQL?

GraphQL⁠ is a query language for APIs and a runtime for executing those queries with your existing data. The Graph uses GraphQL to query subgraphs.

To understand the larger role that GraphQL plays, review developing and creating a subgraph.

Queries with GraphQL

In your subgraph schema you define types called Entities. For each Entity type, entity and entities fields will be generated on the top-level Query type.

Note: query does not need to be included at the top of the graphql query when using The Graph.

Ejemplos

Query for a single Token entity defined in your schema:

{  token(id: "1") {    id    owner  }}

Note: When querying for a single entity, the id field is required, and it must be written as a string.

Query all Token entities:

{  tokens {    id    owner  }}

Clasificación

When querying a collection, you may:

  • Use the orderBy parameter to sort by a specific attribute.
  • Use the orderDirection to specify the sort direction, asc for ascending or desc for descending.

Ejemplo

{  tokens(orderBy: price, orderDirection: asc) {    id    owner  }}

Ejemplo de filtrado de entidades anidadas

As of Graph Node v0.30.0⁠ entities can be sorted on the basis of nested entities.

The following example shows tokens sorted by the name of their owner:

{  tokens(orderBy: owner__name, orderDirection: asc) {    id    owner {      name    }  }}

Currently, you can sort by one-level deep String or ID types on @entity and @derivedFrom fields. Unfortunately, sorting by interfaces on one level-deep entities⁠, sorting by fields which are arrays and nested entities is not yet supported.

Paginación

When querying a collection, it’s best to:

  • Use the first parameter to paginate from the beginning of the collection.
    • The default sort order is by ID in ascending alphanumeric order, not by creation time.
  • Use the skip parameter to skip entities and paginate. For instance, first:100 shows the first 100 entities and first:100, skip:100 shows the next 100 entities.
  • Avoid using skip values in queries because they generally perform poorly. To retrieve a large number of items, it’s best to page through entities based on an attribute as shown in the previous example above.

Example using first

Consulta los primeros 10 tokens:

{  tokens(first: 10) {    id    owner  }}

To query for groups of entities in the middle of a collection, the skip parameter may be used in conjunction with the first parameter to skip a specified number of entities starting at the beginning of the collection.

Example using first and skip

Query 10 Token entities, offset by 10 places from the beginning of the collection:

{  tokens(first: 10, skip: 10) {    id    owner  }}

Example using first and id_ge

If a client needs to retrieve a large number of entities, it’s more performant to base queries on an attribute and filter by that attribute. For example, a client could retrieve a large number of tokens using this query:

query manyTokens($lastID: String) {  tokens(first: 1000, where: { id_gt: $lastID }) {    id    owner  }}

The first time, it would send the query with lastID = "", and for subsequent requests it would set lastID to the id attribute of the last entity in the previous request. This approach will perform significantly better than using increasing skip values.

Filtrado

  • You can use the where parameter in your queries to filter for different properties.
  • You can filter on multiple values within the where parameter.

Example using where

Query challenges with failed outcome:

{  challenges(where: { outcome: "failed" }) {    challenger    outcome    application {      id    }  }}

You can use suffixes like _gt, _lte for value comparison:

Ejemplo de filtrado de rango

{  applications(where: { deposit_gt: "10000000000" }) {    id    whitelisted    deposit  }}

Ejemplo de filtrado de bloques

You can also filter entities that were updated in or after a specified block with _change_block(number_gte: Int).

Esto puede ser útil si buscas obtener solo las entidades que han cambiado, por ejemplo, desde la última vez que realizaste una encuesta. O, alternativamente, puede ser útil para investigar o depurar cómo cambian las entidades en tu subgrafo (si se combina con un filtro de bloque, puedes aislar solo las entidades que cambiaron en un bloque específico).

{  applications(where: { _change_block: { number_gte: 100 } }) {    id    whitelisted    deposit  }}

Ejemplo de filtrado de entidades anidadas

Filtering on the basis of nested entities is possible in the fields with the _ suffix.

Esto puede ser útil si estás buscando obtener solo entidades cuyas entidades de nivel inicial cumplan con las condiciones proporcionadas.

{  challenges(where: { application_: { id: 1 } }) {    challenger    outcome    application {      id    }  }}

Operadores lógicos

As of Graph Node v0.30.0⁠ you can group multiple parameters in the same where argument using the and or the or operators to filter results based on more than one criteria.

AND Operator

The following example filters for challenges with outcome succeeded and number greater than or equal to 100.

{  challenges(where: { and: [{ number_gte: 100 }, { outcome: "succeeded" }] }) {    challenger    outcome    application {      id    }  }}

Syntactic sugar: You can simplify the above query by removing the and operator by passing a sub-expression separated by commas.

{  challenges(where: { number_gte: 100, outcome: "succeeded" }) {    challenger    outcome    application {      id    }  }}
OR Operator

The following example filters for challenges with outcome succeeded or number greater than or equal to 100.

{  challenges(where: { or: [{ number_gte: 100 }, { outcome: "succeeded" }] }) {    challenger    outcome    application {      id    }  }}

Note: When constructing queries, it is important to consider the performance impact of using the or operator. While or can be a useful tool for broadening search results, it can also have significant costs. One of the main issues with or is that it can cause queries to slow down. This is because or requires the database to scan through multiple indexes, which can be a time-consuming process. To avoid these issues, it is recommended that developers use and operators instead of or whenever possible. This allows for more precise filtering and can lead to faster, more accurate queries.

Todos los filtros

Lista completa de sufijos de parámetros:

__not_gt_lt_gte_lte_in_not_in_contains_contains_nocase_not_contains_not_contains_nocase_starts_with_starts_with_nocase_ends_with_ends_with_nocase_not_starts_with_not_starts_with_nocase_not_ends_with_not_ends_with_nocase

Please note that some suffixes are only supported for specific types. For example, Boolean only supports _not, _in, and _not_in, but _ is available only for object and interface types.

In addition, the following global filters are available as part of where argument:

_change_block(number_gte: Int)

Consultas sobre Time-travel

You can query the state of your entities not just for the latest block, which is the default, but also for an arbitrary block in the past. The block at which a query should happen can be specified either by its block number or its block hash by including a block argument in the toplevel fields of queries.

The result of such a query will not change over time, i.e., querying at a certain past block will return the same result no matter when it is executed, with the exception that if you query at a block very close to the head of the chain, the result might change if that block turns out to not be on the main chain and the chain gets reorganized. Once a block can be considered final, the result of the query will not change.

Note: The current implementation is still subject to certain limitations that might violate these guarantees. The implementation can not always tell that a given block hash is not on the main chain at all, or if a query result by a block hash for a block that is not yet considered final could be influenced by a block reorganization running concurrently with the query. They do not affect the results of queries by block hash when the block is final and known to be on the main chain. This issue⁠ explains what these limitations are in detail.

Ejemplo

{  challenges(block: { number: 8000000 }) {    challenger    outcome    application {      id    }  }}

This query will return Challenge entities, and their associated Application entities, as they existed directly after processing block number 8,000,000.

Ejemplo

{  challenges(block: { hash: "0x5a0b54d5dc17e0aadc383d2db43b0a0d3e029c4c" }) {    challenger    outcome    application {      id    }  }}

This query will return Challenge entities, and their associated Application entities, as they existed directly after processing the block with the given hash.

Consultas de Búsqueda de Texto Completo

Fulltext search query fields provide an expressive text search API that can be added to the subgraph schema and customized. Refer to Defining Fulltext Search Fields to add fulltext search to your subgraph.

Fulltext search queries have one required field, text, for supplying search terms. Several special fulltext operators are available to be used in this text search field.

Operadores de búsqueda de texto completo:

SímboloOperadorDescripción
&AndPara combinar varios términos de búsqueda en un filtro para entidades que incluyen todos los términos proporcionados
|OrLas consultas con varios términos de búsqueda separados por o el operador devolverá todas las entidades que coincidan con cualquiera de los términos proporcionados
<->Follow byEspecifica la distancia entre dos palabras.
:*PrefixUtilice el término de búsqueda del prefijo para encontrar palabras cuyo prefijo coincida (se requieren 2 caracteres.)

Ejemplos

Using the or operator, this query will filter to blog entities with variations of either “anarchism” or “crumpet” in their fulltext fields.

{  blogSearch(text: "anarchism | crumpets") {    id    title    body    author  }}

The follow by operator specifies a words a specific distance apart in the fulltext documents. The following query will return all blogs with variations of “decentralize” followed by “philosophy”

{  blogSearch(text: "decentralized <-> philosophy") {    id    title    body    author  }}

Combina operadores de texto completo para crear filtros más complejos. Con un operador de búsqueda de pretexto combinado con una consulta de seguimiento de este ejemplo, se buscarán coincidencias con todas las entidades del blog con palabras que comiencen con “lou” seguido de “music”.

{  blogSearch(text: "lou:* <-> music") {    id    title    body    author  }}

Validación

Graph Node implements specification-based⁠ validation of the GraphQL queries it receives using graphql-tools-rs⁠, which is based on the graphql-js reference implementation⁠. Queries which fail a validation rule do so with a standard error - visit the GraphQL spec⁠ to learn more.

Esquema

The schema of your dataSources, i.e. the entity types, values, and relationships that are available to query, are defined through the GraphQL Interface Definition Language (IDL)⁠.

GraphQL schemas generally define root types for queries, subscriptions and mutations. The Graph only supports queries. The root Query type for your subgraph is automatically generated from the GraphQL schema that’s included in your subgraph manifest.

Note: Our API does not expose mutations because developers are expected to issue transactions directly against the underlying blockchain from their applications.

Entidades

All GraphQL types with @entity directives in your schema will be treated as entities and must have an ID field.

Note: Currently, all types in your schema must have an @entity directive. In the future, we will treat types without an @entity directive as value objects, but this is not yet supported.

Metadatos del subgrafo

All subgraphs have an auto-generated _Meta_ object, which provides access to subgraph metadata. This can be queried as follows:

{  _meta(block: { number: 123987 }) {    block {      number      hash      timestamp    }    deployment    hasIndexingErrors  }}

Si se proporciona un bloque, los metadatos corresponden a ese bloque; de lo contrario, se utiliza el bloque indexado más reciente. Si es proporcionado, el bloque debe ser posterior al bloque de inicio del subgrafo y menor o igual que el bloque indexado más reciente.

deployment is a unique ID, corresponding to the IPFS CID of the subgraph.yaml file.

block provides information about the latest block (taking into account any block constraints passed to _meta):

  • hash: el hash del bloque
  • número: el número de bloque
  • timestamp: la marca de tiempo del bloque, en caso de estar disponible (actualmente solo está disponible para subgrafos que indexan redes EVM)

hasIndexingErrors is a boolean identifying whether the subgraph encountered indexing errors at some past block

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