Informazioni su The Graph

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The Graph is a powerful decentralized protocol that enables seamless querying and indexing of blockchain data. It simplifies the complex process of querying blockchain data, making dapp development faster and easier.

Projects with complex smart contracts such as Uniswap and NFTs initiatives like Bored Ape Yacht Club store data on the Ethereum blockchain, making it very difficult to read anything other than basic data directly from the blockchain.

In the case of the example listed above, Bored Ape Yacht Club, you can perform basic read operations on the contract. You can read the owner of a certain Ape, read the content URI of an Ape based on their ID, or read the total supply.

• This can be done because these read operations are programmed directly into the smart contract itself. However, more advanced, specific, and real-world queries and operations like aggregation, search, relationships, and non-trivial filtering, are not possible.

• For instance, if you want to inquire about Apes owned by a specific address and refine your search based on a particular characteristic, you would not be able to obtain that information by directly interacting with the contract itself.

• To get more data, you would have to process every single transfer event ever emitted, read the metadata from IPFS using the Token ID and IPFS hash, and then aggregate it.

It would take hours or even days for a decentralized application (dapp) running in a browser to get an answer to these simple questions.

Alternatively, you have the option to set up your own server, process the transactions, store them in a database, and create an API endpoint to query the data. However, this option is resource intensive, needs maintenance, presents a single point of failure, and breaks important security properties required for decentralization.

Blockchain properties, such as finality, chain reorganizations, and uncled blocks, add complexity to the process, making it time-consuming and conceptually challenging to retrieve accurate query results from blockchain data.

The Graph solves this challenge with a decentralized protocol that indexes and enables the efficient and high-performance querying of blockchain data. These APIs (indexed "subgraphs") can then be queried with a standard GraphQL API.

Today, there is a decentralized protocol that is backed by the open source implementation of Graph Node that enables this process.

Indexing blockchain data is very difficult, but The Graph makes it easy. The Graph learns how to index Ethereum data by using subgraphs. Subgraphs are custom APIs built on blockchain data that extract data from a blockchain, processes it, and stores it so that it can be seamlessly queried via GraphQL.

• The Graph uses subgraph descriptions, which are known as the subgraph manifest inside the subgraph.

• The subgraph description outlines the smart contracts of interest for a subgraph, the events within those contracts to focus on, and how to map event data to the data that The Graph will store in its database.

• When creating a subgraph, you need to write a subgraph manifest.

• After writing the subgraph manifest, you can use the Graph CLI to store the definition in IPFS and instruct an Indexer to start indexing data for that subgraph.

The diagram below provides more detailed information about the flow of data after a subgraph manifest has been deployed with Ethereum transactions.

Il flusso segue questi passi:

1. Una dapp aggiunge dati a Ethereum attraverso una transazione su uno smart contract.
2. Lo smart contract emette uno o più eventi durante l'elaborazione della transazione.
3. Graph Node scansiona continuamente Ethereum alla ricerca di nuovi blocchi e dei dati del vostro subgraph che possono contenere.
4. Graph Node trova gli eventi Ethereum per il vostro subgraph in questi blocchi ed esegue i gestori di mappatura che avete fornito. La mappatura è un modulo WASM che crea o aggiorna le entità di dati che Graph Node memorizza in risposta agli eventi Ethereum.
5. La dapp effettua query del Graph Node per ottenere dati indicizzati dalla blockchain, utilizzando il GraphQL endpoint del nodo. Il Graph Node a sua volta traduce le query GraphQL in query per il suo archivio dati sottostante, al fine di recuperare questi dati, sfruttando le capacità di indicizzazione dell'archivio. La dapp visualizza questi dati in una ricca interfaccia utente per gli utenti finali, che li utilizzano per emettere nuove transazioni su Ethereum. Il ciclo si ripete.

The following sections provide a more in-depth look at subgraphs, their deployment and data querying.

Before you write your own subgraph, it's recommended to explore Graph Explorer and review some of the already deployed subgraphs. Each subgraph's page includes a GraphQL playground, allowing you to query its data.