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NEAR でサブグラフを作成する

This guide is an introduction to building Subgraphs indexing smart contracts on the NEAR blockchain⁠.

NEAR とは？

NEAR⁠ is a smart contract platform for building decentralized applications. Visit the official documentation⁠ for more information.

What are NEAR Subgraphs?

The Graph gives developers tools to process blockchain events and make the resulting data easily available via a GraphQL API, known individually as a Subgraph. Graph Node⁠ is now able to process NEAR events, which means that NEAR developers can now build Subgraphs to index their smart contracts.

Subgraphs are event-based, which means that they listen for and then process onchain events. There are currently two types of handlers supported for NEAR Subgraphs:

  • ブロックハンドラ：新しいブロックごとに実行されます
  • レシートハンドラ：指定されたアカウントでメッセージが実行されるたびに実行されます

From the NEAR documentation⁠:

レシートは、システム内で唯一実行可能なオブジェクトです。NEAR プラットフォームで「トランザクションの処理」といえば、最終的にはどこかの時点で「レシートの適用」を意味します。

NEAR サブグラフの構築

@graphprotocol/graph-cli is a command-line tool for building and deploying Subgraphs.

@graphprotocol/graph-ts is a library of Subgraph-specific types.

NEAR Subgraph development requires graph-cli above version 0.23.0, and graph-ts above version 0.23.0.

Building a NEAR Subgraph is very similar to building a Subgraph that indexes Ethereum.

There are three aspects of Subgraph definition:

subgraph.yaml: the Subgraph manifest, defining the data sources of interest, and how they should be processed. NEAR is a new kind of data source.

schema.graphql: a schema file that defines what data is stored for your Subgraph, and how to query it via GraphQL. The requirements for NEAR Subgraphs are covered by the existing documentation.

AssemblyScript Mappings: AssemblyScript code that translates from the event data to the entities defined in your schema. NEAR support introduces NEAR-specific data types and new JSON parsing functionality.

During Subgraph development there are two key commands:

$ graph codegen # generates types from the schema file identified in the manifest$ graph build # generates Web Assembly from the AssemblyScript files, and prepares all the Subgraph files in a /build folder

サブグラフマニフェストの定義

The Subgraph manifest (subgraph.yaml) identifies the data sources for the Subgraph, the triggers of interest, and the functions that should be run in response to those triggers. See below for an example Subgraph manifest for a NEAR Subgraph:

specVersion: 1.3.0schema:  file: ./src/schema.graphql # link to the schema filedataSources:  - kind: near    network: near-mainnet    source:      account: app.good-morning.near # This data source will monitor this account      startBlock: 10662188 # Required for NEAR    mapping:      apiVersion: 0.0.9      language: wasm/assemblyscript      blockHandlers:        - handler: handleNewBlock # the function name in the mapping file      receiptHandlers:        - handler: handleReceipt # the function name in the mapping file      file: ./src/mapping.ts # link to the file with the Assemblyscript mappings
  • NEAR Subgraphs introduce a new kind of data source (near)
  • The network should correspond to a network on the hosting Graph Node. On Subgraph Studio, NEAR’s mainnet is near-mainnet, and NEAR’s testnet is near-testnet
  • NEAR data sources introduce an optional source.account field, which is a human-readable ID corresponding to a NEAR account⁠. This can be an account or a sub-account.
  • NEAR data sources introduce an alternative optional source.accounts field, which contains optional suffixes and prefixes. At least prefix or suffix must be specified, they will match the any account starting or ending with the list of values respectively. The example below would match: [app|good].*[morning.near|morning.testnet]. If only a list of prefixes or suffixes is necessary the other field can be omitted.
accounts:  prefixes:    - app    - good  suffixes:    - morning.near    - morning.testnet

NEAR データソースは 2 種類のハンドラーをサポートしています:

  • blockHandlers: run on every new NEAR block. No source.account is required.
  • receiptHandlers: run on every receipt where the data source’s source.account is the recipient. Note that only exact matches are processed (subaccounts⁠ must be added as independent data sources).

スキーマ定義

Schema definition describes the structure of the resulting Subgraph database and the relationships between entities. This is agnostic of the original data source. There are more details on Subgraph schema definition here.

AssemblyScript マッピング

The handlers for processing events are written in AssemblyScript⁠.

NEAR indexing introduces NEAR-specific data types to the AssemblyScript API.

class ExecutionOutcome {      gasBurnt: u64,      blockHash: Bytes,      id: Bytes,      logs: Array<string>,      receiptIds: Array<Bytes>,      tokensBurnt: BigInt,      executorId: string,  }class ActionReceipt {      predecessorId: string,      receiverId: string,      id: CryptoHash,      signerId: string,      gasPrice: BigInt,      outputDataReceivers: Array<DataReceiver>,      inputDataIds: Array<CryptoHash>,      actions: Array<ActionValue>,  }class BlockHeader {      height: u64,      prevHeight: u64,// Always zero when version < V3      epochId: Bytes,      nextEpochId: Bytes,      chunksIncluded: u64,      hash: Bytes,      prevHash: Bytes,      timestampNanosec: u64,      randomValue: Bytes,      gasPrice: BigInt,      totalSupply: BigInt,      latestProtocolVersion: u32,  }class ChunkHeader {      gasUsed: u64,      gasLimit: u64,      shardId: u64,      chunkHash: Bytes,      prevBlockHash: Bytes,      balanceBurnt: BigInt,  }class Block {      author: string,      header: BlockHeader,      chunks: Array<ChunkHeader>,  }class ReceiptWithOutcome {      outcome: ExecutionOutcome,      receipt: ActionReceipt,      block: Block,  }

These types are passed to block & receipt handlers:

  • Block handlers will receive a Block
  • Receipt handlers will receive a ReceiptWithOutcome

Otherwise, the rest of the AssemblyScript API is available to NEAR Subgraph developers during mapping execution.

This includes a new JSON parsing function - logs on NEAR are frequently emitted as stringified JSONs. A new json.fromString(...) function is available as part of the JSON API to allow developers to easily process these logs.

NEAR サブグラフの展開

Once you have a built Subgraph, it is time to deploy it to Graph Node for indexing. NEAR Subgraphs can be deployed to any Graph Node >=v0.26.x (this version has not yet been tagged & released).

Subgraph Studio and the upgrade Indexer on The Graph Network currently supports indexing NEAR mainnet and testnet in beta, with the following network names:

  • near-mainnet
  • near-testnet

More information on creating and deploying Subgraphs on Subgraph Studio can be found here.

As a quick primer - the first step is to “create” your Subgraph - this only needs to be done once. On Subgraph Studio, this can be done from your Dashboard: “Create a Subgraph”.

Once your Subgraph has been created, you can deploy your Subgraph by using the graph deploy CLI command:

$ graph create --node <graph-node-url> <subgraph-name> # creates a Subgraph on a local Graph Node (on Subgraph Studio, this is done via the UI)$ graph deploy --node <graph-node-url> --ipfs https://ipfs.thegraph.com <subgraph-name> # uploads the build files to a specified IPFS endpoint, and then deploys the Subgraph to a specified Graph Node based on the manifest IPFS hash

The node configuration will depend on where the Subgraph is being deployed.

Subgraph Studio

graph authgraph deploy <subgraph-name>

ローカル グラフ ノード (デフォルト構成に基づく)

graph deploy --node http://localhost:8020/ --ipfs http://localhost:5001 <subgraph-name>

Once your Subgraph has been deployed, it will be indexed by Graph Node. You can check its progress by querying the Subgraph itself:

{  _meta {    block {      number    }  }}

ローカル グラフ ノードを使用した NEAR のインデックス作成

NEAR のインデックスを作成するグラフノードの運用には、以下のような運用要件があります:

  • NEAR Indexer Framework と Firehose instrumentation
  • NEAR Firehose コンポーネント
  • Firehose エンドポイントが設定されたグラフノード

上記のコンポーネントの運用については、近日中に詳しくご紹介します。

NEAR サブグラフへのクエリ

The GraphQL endpoint for NEAR Subgraphs is determined by the schema definition, with the existing API interface. Please visit the GraphQL API documentation for more information.

サブグラフの例

Here are some example Subgraphs for reference:

NEAR Blocks⁠

NEAR Receipts⁠

FAQ

ベータ版はどのように機能しますか?

NEAR support is in beta, which means that there may be changes to the API as we continue to work on improving the integration. Please email [email protected]⁠ so that we can support you in building NEAR Subgraphs, and keep you up to date on the latest developments!

Can a Subgraph index both NEAR and EVM chains?

No, a Subgraph can only support data sources from one chain/network.

Can Subgraphs react to more specific triggers?

現在、ブロックとレシートのトリガーのみがサポートされています。指定されたアカウントへのファンクションコールのトリガーを検討しています。また、NEAR がネイティブイベントをサポートするようになれば、イベントトリガーのサポートも検討しています。

領収書ハンドラーは、アカウントとそのサブアカウントに対してトリガーされますか?

If an account is specified, that will only match the exact account name. It is possible to match sub-accounts by specifying an accounts field, with suffixes and prefixes specified to match accounts and sub-accounts, for example the following would match all mintbase1.near sub-accounts:

accounts:  suffixes:    - mintbase1.near

Can NEAR Subgraphs make view calls to NEAR accounts during mappings?

これはサポートされていません。この機能がインデックス作成に必要かどうかを評価しています。

Can I use data source templates in my NEAR Subgraph?

これは現在サポートされていません。この機能がインデックス作成に必要かどうかを評価しています。

Ethereum Subgraphs support “pending” and “current” versions, how can I deploy a “pending” version of a NEAR Subgraph?

Pending functionality is not yet supported for NEAR Subgraphs. In the interim, you can deploy a new version to a different “named” Subgraph, and then when that is synced with the chain head, you can redeploy to your primary “named” Subgraph, which will use the same underlying deployment ID, so the main Subgraph will be instantly synced.

My question hasn’t been answered, where can I get more help building NEAR Subgraphs?

If it is a general question about Subgraph development, there is a lot more information in the rest of the Developer documentation. Otherwise please join The Graph Protocol Discord⁠ and ask in the #near channel or email [email protected]⁠.

参考文献